What long-term risk factors should be monitored for infants who experienced shoulder dystocia?

Infants who experience shoulder dystocia are at an increased risk of specific long-term complications, particularly developmental delays and physical disabilities related to nerve injuries. During shoulder dystocia, the brachial plexus—a network of nerves that controls movement and sensation in the arm—can be damaged. This damage may result in conditions such as Erb's palsy, where the infant may not have full use of their arm, affecting physical development and possibly leading to delays in motor skills.

Monitoring for developmental delays is crucial, as these children may face challenges in achieving milestones like sitting, crawling, or walking in line with their peers. Additionally, physical disabilities can impact their overall quality of life and participation in activities, further necessitating follow-up and supportive therapies as they grow. Understanding these risk factors helps caregivers and healthcare providers guide early interventions and provide appropriate resources for affected children.

In contrast, while other options present concerns that may affect children's health, they are not as direct a consequence of shoulder dystocia as developmental delays and nerve injuries.